Business Information Systems

parentage randomness remainss HA(IT) My questions 1. pin d throw the concept outgrowth system and its constitutive elements describe the broad categories of computer- proved learning systems, providing relevant business littleons for each category identified explain how computer-based selective culture systems lay ab protrude game get byrs at each level of an organisation. 2.Explain the main elements and stairs of the jut out concern fulfil and, considering your essay writing as a chuck, provide a concrete description including numbers for that pop fix the main support counsel measures to the main human bodys of the systems teaching aliveness cycle precourseing how ar the life cycle phases handled in the V- sham and the curlicue model? 3. What is the data Systems and data Technology Function in an agreement what c exclusively for to be escaped how shadow the IS/IT function be organized what does outsourcing lowly and which role does it play in this context?Characters (with spaces) and 1 figure 22645 distrust 1 Information Systems To understand and specialise an Information System (IS) thoroughly, its alpha to separate the deuce words and understand them separately. Information is produced by processing selective cultivation so that it is pithful which nooky be not only understood by the recipient merely also function to meet a circumstantial remnant or requirement. To understand knowledge, selective information postulate to be understood as easily. Data atomic number 18 defenseless facts equivalent a specific date or measurement. Data needs to be processed and transformed into information this process is called the transformation process. E. . info regarding sales of a firm is spendless unless putting it in the slide down context. provided if you sort the sales after type of return, you leave alone be adequate to(p) to see what product has been sold the most. By utilise selective information to gain rel evant information, its possible to reduce the uncertainty of contrasting questions and thereby improve the decision fashioning. A system git be found in every routine of the world. A system is a set of interrelated components that work tog divinyl ether towards a parkland goal. The solar system exponent not a project an obvious goal while a firm might wipe out several goals desire gaining profit or making the best product possible.To achieve these specific goals the system pull up stakes need to obtain inputs and transform these into outputs, like depict in the transformation process, data is seen as the input and information as the output. But to transform input into output isnt passable. The output needs to be relevant contrastd to the objective(s) of the firm. For systems to be much effective the system usher out contain a feedback and suss out stage as well. By employ the information we aim just gathered its possible to define IS. IS is defined as the way people and brass instruments ar gathering, storing and processing information.In a business the IS give contri more thanovere to making the correct decisions. But IS isnt solely apply for managers and workers decision making it can also be utilise in other ways, like feedback for an government activitys quality. Computer-based information systems Today most IS involve Information Technology (IT) to create counseling information also called computer-based information systems. This is beca consumption of the more disadvantages it gives not having a computer-based information system. An IS can be divided into two categories called Operations Information Systems (OIS) and focal point Information System (MIS).OIS contains 3 sub-systems each contributing in the day-after-day running of a business. The 3 sub-systems of the OIS be The Transaction Processing System (TPS), Office Automation Systems (OAS) and the Process Control Systems. The TPS is managing the many transactions occurr ing on daily buttocks on the operational level of an organization like withd stark nakedal of cash from an ATM, or orders and payments for goods and services. Even though the TPS is marked by a handle of repetitive delegates and routine, the function of it is essential and mission-critical to an organization. A TPS leave alone e. g. secure that an ATM is running correctly.If a person wants to withdraw property from his account via an ATM, the TPS will scram sure that theres rich money on the customers account so that the money can be withdrawn. The transaction will only take buns if all labor movements in the process can be completed. OAS is a common system within the OIS. OAS refers to the way that basic tasks in an government agency take a shit been computerized. Before creating, storing and managing information was done physically, but by computerizing the office the term taking to create documents or arrange group meetings is done faster, giving much cartridge cl ip for the organization to take c be of other tasks.The OAS helps making the office much than just an argona for typing but an vault of heaven for exchanging crucial knowledge about the organization by still reducing court as well. If a manager wants to set up a meeting instead of giving a paper to each participant, he can choose to send an e-mail to all the participants even though they arent at the same location. The process control system deals with large amounts of data created by production processes.The process control system is used to control and support the unlike manufacturing processes of an organization. The process control system will mechanically control the flow of the manufacturing process by a specific cut back set by the substance abuser, and might e. g. support the production of a tired product like the Model T Ford car. The MIS contains three sub-systems. all(prenominal) three systems are supporting decision-making in a business and are called Decision Sup port Systems (DSS), Information Reporting Systems (IRS) and the Executive Information Systems(EIS).DSS uses raw data along with different business models to provide useful information for the manager which he can use for making tactical and strategical decisions, be especially semi- incorporated or unstructured. The DSS is oft cartridge clips created by end-users, because they often prevail the much take knowledge about the organization compared to a signal or on-the-shelf package developed by a third party. An example is the expert system which contains the knowledge and decision making skills of specialists, giving none-specialists enough knowledge to rile decisions.In the world of medicine, its possible for a nurse to enter the symptoms of a patient. The system will then compare the entered symptoms with all the different symptoms of different diseases already stored in a knowledge base and provide a diagnosis. A problem with the DSS is that the more options the system ha s the more complex it gets. IRS uses information to produce predefined reports for the day-to-day decision-making. There are two commonly known reports used by the IRS being the periodic and elision reports. The periodic reports is required by decision makers at regular intervals, it can e. . provide a report showing the sales of a product from day-to-day. The exception report is only being produced when needed it might be produced automatically if a performance measure moves outside a predefined range. EIS is in general used for the strategic decision making by elderberry bush managers to monitor, compare and analyze and thereby support the decision-making process of the senior manager. EIS could e. g. notify the senior manager with specific information about a facility anywhere in the world underperforming, giving him enough information to make a decision about the future of the facility.The different IS just described are each used at different levels of an organization. The top leaders of an organization are all placed in the strategic level, where unstructured decisions are a big part of the charge. They mainly use EIS to support their decisions but its chief(prenominal) to notice that their decisions tend to rely on their own knowledge and experience as well. At the tactical level of an organization the expert and decision support systems are used to support the semi-structured decisions being made at this level.The operational level of an organization makes a draw poker of structured decisions because of their little potential thence the TPS is used by the workers at this level on a day-to-day basis. The higher up we travel along in the organization the more unstructured the decisions are because of the level of authority rises. But this isnt always true it is possible to make unstructured decisions at the operational level as well as structured decisions at the strategic level. E. g. in a hospital the doctors (who work at the operational level ) often drive home the authority to make meaning(a) and less structured decisions. unbelief 2 The project management process There are three key elements of the project management process being clipping, cost and quality. BIS ( traffic Information Systems) projects are likely to consume a lot of clock clip and money and involve many parts of the specific organization the project manager therefore has a big responsibility for the failure or succeeder of a project and whether or not the project is adjacent the time, cost and quality requirements presumptuousness. The use of a well-structured project management process has the ability to highly reduce the chance of a BIS projects failure.The project management process has 4 locomote being Estimation, roll/plan, supervise and control, certificate. The adherence whole step gives the project manager time to plan how much time and effort the project will take to fulfill the given requirements. The overall project requiremen ts will be compared to the available resources. In the early stages of the project its often hard for the project manager to give small estimations because of the great amount of uncertainty, but the project will often be constrained by a deadline or the type of people and ironware available.Effort time and elapsed time is two important terms used to explain the amount of work different tasks will take. Effort time explains the total amount of work needed to complete a task while the elapsed time indicates how many calendar days the task will take. A projects estimation will often change a lot from the start and to the end of a project because of the many constraints and changes that can occur. The requirements might change or hardware might break down, but a good estimation is essential to the success or failure of a project.The agendum/planning step is about determining when a project should be executed the finished roll is then called the plan. There are two main terms import ant to notice called the serial and collimate relationship. The serial relationship describes how some activities have to be completed in front other activity can start. The parallel relationship explains how some activities can be totally independent, but that four activities might need to run in parallel before an implementation can occur. Monitoring and control is a very important step which ensures that the tasks of a project are meeting the requirements.This is done by monitor the different tasks if the project isnt running as planned and is deviating from the given requirements, controls might need to be made for the project not to fail. To dust the information provided during project execution an essential step is documentation. Its the project managers task to make sure that good documentation is provided from the different parts of the project. With poor documentation or without any information at all, the project might not deliver on time and the expenses of maintenan ce will most likely increase.Its also important that the documentation provided is acceptable and understandable. My project To support my project planning a Gantt chart was made to show an overview of the activities. Project startup describes my first day of the project I chose my questions and estimated the overall process of the project. I wanted to use three days on each question, all though I have to use four days on question 2 because of other homework. My writing will compared to my estimation be finished on the 30-okt and I will thereafter be editing the project. The product has to be finished and delivered on the 2-Nov.If the project isnt delivered on the 2-Nov the project will fail. The different tasks being question 1, 2 and 3 are in this project all independent but I chose to run them in a parallel relationship with the editing task so that before the editing task can occur, the three questions have to be answered. This gives me an overview of the sizing of my project an d whether or not the project has to be shorter. I have been executing the project as planned so far regarding time (today 22-okt), but looking at the size of my project so far, Im going need more time than estimated on keen the project in the editing phase.Relation between the project management steps and the SDLC The main phases of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) are by order Initiation, feasibility study, requirement analysis, system goal, build, implement, maintain and kill. The estimation step is used in almost all of the SDLC stages, and will be used more frequently in some stages depending on the type of project. In the initiation stage of the project the project manager will use estimation to make an overview of the project, estimating the different resources that are required to carry out the project, but the estimation isnt detailed yet.A detailed estimation will be produced when the project has been determined operable and is under or occlude to production. Th e leader will estimate whether or not the project is feasible at the feasibility stage by using the information apt(p) through interviews and reports. In the analysis stage the requirements for the new system will be specified. After the requirements have been established its possible to make a detailed estimation of especially the work required at the heading and build phase.The estimations will often be much more precise if timings from the previous projects are available. The scheduling and planning step runs aboard the estimation step. By knowing how much time and effort is needed for the project, its possible to make a more precise archive of the process of the project. Its important to always have a schedule of the plan for the project, but the most effective schedule will be made after the detailed estimation has been produced at the analysis phase (it can be produced at other steps depending on the project).Once the schedule has been produced, the monitoring and control step will monitor the performance at all of the SDLC stages and ensure that the project is following the schedule/plan and fulfilling the requirements. Its essential to monitor all of the SDLC stages since deviating from the plan can result in a project failure. Documentation is important during the whole project but especially essential at the development and maintenance phases. This is because most projects are based on team efforts.Not only does the documentation allow monitoring and controlling, but it allows the different members of a development team to disseminate their design information between each other, making their work more effective. The V- and volute model The V-models V describes the graphical overview of the relationship between the different judges and SDLC phases, but the V is also a synonym for hinderance and validation. The verification will check if there is any better solution to the design of the product, and that the design we are building is without e rrors or bugs.The validation is used to test the design of the product and check whether the design is fulfilling the requirements. Validation and verification forms the basis for producing tests. The tests shown in the V-model are used during implementation which is why the model has the V-shape. But its important to notice that the life cycle phases on the left(a) side have to occur, before the tests on the right side of the model can occur. A concern about the V-model is that it has no maintenance phase, meaning that its possible to believe that the product is finished and bug-free when signed off.The SDLC can also be used via the roll model. The spiral model is an iterative aspect system. The three stages of analyzing, design and coding often tend to be iterate as a part of the prototyping process, and this is why the spiral model was made. The spiral model consists of four main activities Planning, risk analysis, engineering and customer relation. The model contains all of the elements of the SDLC but it also contains risk assessment. By being able to make several iterations its possible to make a more detailed production and to add in new elements to the production because of the repetition. Question 3 The IS/IT functionThe goal of using IS/IT is the hope that it will generate more benefit than the costs used on it. The function of IS in an organization, is to make the management process effective and support it. IT is the tools like hardware and software package that the organization uses so IS can run and be built. Managing the IS/IT functions When managing IS there are different areas that need to be managed. Its important to manage the development of the different business systems. When migrating from one system to another its important to have a project leader, as well as to manage and make sure that the migration is going as planned.When inventing end-user applications, its important to have management to make sure that the software being prod uced isnt all-embracing of bugs, and isnt a reinvention. Other important areas that needs to be managed is the database administration, user support and training, shared services and the IS/IT staffing. Its also important to manage different areas of IT. Some of the areas that need to be managed are which hardware platforms to use in the organization, the manager might choose to only use the node/server environment.Good profits architecture is also vital to an organizations sharing of information, and therefore its important that this area is managed. Many organizations use a lot of money on IT, and many big organizations have large amounts of IT including development tools. If this area isnt managed, new tools being bought might not be compatible with the chosen database management systems or the selected hardware platforms. If an organization is using legacy systems, these needs to be managed so that it can still snuff it with newer systems (this might be an IS area as well).A final important area to manage is the operations management which contains hardware management, capacity planning, security, technical support, telecommunications and network management. Organizing the IS/IT functions To organize the different functions of IS/IT isnt easy, but an essential part of making IS/IT more effective in a business. Its possible to ether centralize or decentralize when organizing the IS/IT function in a business. When centralizing, the IS/IT management will be placed in one specific make love in the organization from where all of the functions of IS/IT will be managed.This could for example be the MIS, which will then be reporting to an IT director or another head of the department. Decentralization is the opposite of centralizing and means that the IS/IT functions will be spread out across the organization by having small IS/IT groups stored in different parts of the organization. Its hard for organizations to be 100 % centralised or de modify all though m any organizations tend to boil down on one of them. Outsourcing Outsourcing is a term used when a caller-up chooses to subcontract a service to a third party. This service can be catering, cleaning, public relations and IS.Outsourcing of IS management has become a study term in many companies in the world today because of its many benefits and uses. Some of these are cost reduction, quality improvement, risk reduction and to alter a focus on the core business. In a 2009 IBM field of 2500 CIOs worldwide 76% of the respondents anticipate to have a powerfully centralized infrastructure in five years. A highly centralized IS/IT function does as mentioned before contribute to cost reduction, and having the function in one place makes it easier for companies to take advantage of developments like outsourcing.By seeing more companies outsourcing and more companies wanting to centralize which both contribute to a displace cost might not be a coincidence, and can be a way of saying tha t IT is more than just a support capacity for the outsourcing/centralizing organizations. Outsourcing plays a huge role in the management process as well. The problem with outsourcing and its relationship with the management process is the vastness of making outsourcing work. Outsourcing might be a huge trend, but this doesnt necessarily mean that its going to work.Many companys outsourcing projects tend to fail because of bad management and contracts with the third-party. The failure of many outsourcing projects can have a connection between the management and organizing of the IS/IT functions. If the management and organizing of the IS/IT functions isnt managed well or if the company isnt seeing IS/IT as an important part of the companys strategy, outsourcing has a bigger chance of failing. Litteraturliste * fear Information Systems, quarter edition, capital of Minnesota Bocij Andrew Greasley Simon Hickie, 2008 * http//www. omputerworld. com/s/ phrase/347073/Swinging_Toward_Cen tralization (29-10-2011, klokken 1310) 1 . 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